GENERATION OF COMPUTER
(Computer hmasawn chhoh zel dan)
Er. Chhungpuia Renthlei
First Generation computer te hian Computer processor atan vacuum tubes a hmang. Data leh Program input na tan punch cards a hmang. Information leh internal instructions dahkhawm nan magnetic cylinders a hmang. A size pawh a lian hle a, power supply pawh a hmang hnem khawp mai. A sa hma em em a, computer pawh a muang thin hle. Hetih hunlai hian computer te hi a to hle a, $10,000 man lai a ni.
Kum 1943 a University of Pennsylvania a thawk J.Presper Eckert leh John Mauchly te computer siam, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) ti a an vuah hi khawvela electronics (digital) computer hmasa ber a ni. Kum 1943 ah an siam a, kum 1946 ah an siam zo thei hram a ni. ENIAC ah hian Vacuum tubes18,000 an hmanga, arih zawng pawh 50 tons lai a ni. A lian hle bawk a, 1,800 square feet zet a zau a awh nghe nghe.
Fourth Generation Computer
Hei hian 1971-1980 inkar computer a huam. Fourth Generation atang hian microprocessor an hmang a. Software lamah pawh hma an sawn a, Multi-processing leh multiprogramming operating system a hmang. Microcomputers an tih mai tunlaia kan hman ang chi Personal computer (PCs) an rawn siam chhuak thei ta. Computer size pawh a te fel khawp mai. Hei mai bakah Supercomputers hial pawh an siamchhuak thei ta bawk. Examples: Apple Series -I & II, IBM 4341, STAR 1000, DEC 10, PUP 11.
Magnetic ring memory aiah silicon “chip” memory an hmang a. Chip te tak te chhungah LSI (Large Scale Integration circuiit), VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration circuit) an dah thei ta bawk a, hna hrang hrang thawk thei turin chips hrang hrang an siam a. Tin, Kum 1970 ah Alan Shugart kaihhruaina hnuaiah IBM engineer ten Floppy disk an siamchhuak a, Kum 1971 atangin computerah floppy disk hman a ni bawk.
Computer hi a siam kum, a hnathawh theih, hardware leh software component a zirin mumal taka then hran a ni a, hei hi Computer Generation tiin an vuah. Computer generation hi a hun laia Science & technology hmasawnna rahchhuah, Physics, Mathematics Electrical & Electronics thiamna ah a innghat nasa hle.
Chuvangin hardware pawh hi technology thiamna zir zelin a thang chho a, heta tang hian software pawh in hma a sawn ve zel a ni. Kum1946 atanga vawiin thleng hian Computer hi generation paruk ah then a ni a, awlsam taka kan hriatthiam theih nan tawi te te in kan tarlang dawn a ni.
1. First Generation Computer
Chuvangin hardware pawh hi technology thiamna zir zelin a thang chho a, heta tang hian software pawh in hma a sawn ve zel a ni. Kum1946 atanga vawiin thleng hian Computer hi generation paruk ah then a ni a, awlsam taka kan hriatthiam theih nan tawi te te in kan tarlang dawn a ni.
1. First Generation Computer
Kum 1946 atanga 1959 inkara computer te a huam. Hetih hun lai hian electronics lamah hmasawnna a la tlem hle a, a changkang ber pawh Vacuum Tubes a ni. Computer changkang ber ber te pawhin Vacuum Tubes bak hman tur an neih loh avangin a hnawksak a, hmun zau tak tak a awh a, Power supply pawh a mamawh hnem hle.
First Generation computer te hian Computer processor atan vacuum tubes a hmang. Data leh Program input na tan punch cards a hmang. Information leh internal instructions dahkhawm nan magnetic cylinders a hmang. A size pawh a lian hle a, power supply pawh a hmang hnem khawp mai. A sa hma em em a, computer pawh a muang thin hle. Hetih hunlai hian computer te hi a to hle a, $10,000 man lai a ni.
Heng computer harsatna ber chu Power a mamawh san em avangin rei tak computer a hman theih loh a, a sa hma em em a,vacuum tube pawh a chhe hma em em a ni.Tunlaia awlsam taka hriatthiam theih leh click theih ang Software a hmang thei lo. CPU chauhvin a hriatthiam theih ) leh 1 hmanga program ziah "machine language" an tih mai hi hmanga, mi naran tan chuan hriatthiam theih a nilo. Speed chak zawng hi milliseconds a teh a ni.
Kum 1943 a University of Pennsylvania a thawk J.Presper Eckert leh John Mauchly te computer siam, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) ti a an vuah hi khawvela electronics (digital) computer hmasa ber a ni. Kum 1943 ah an siam a, kum 1946 ah an siam zo thei hram a ni. ENIAC ah hian Vacuum tubes18,000 an hmanga, arih zawng pawh 50 tons lai a ni. A lian hle bawk a, 1,800 square feet zet a zau a awh nghe nghe.
First Generation computer hlawhtling ber chu IBM 650 a ni. Secondary memory chikhat, Magnetic Drum a nei bawk. Za tel fe an siamchhuak nghe nghe.1G computer langsar zual te : EDVAC, EDSAC, IBM- 701, UNIVAC, IBM- 650.
Jay Forrester leh a research thian te chuan 1947 ah magnetic-core memory hmangin RAM (Random Access Memory) an siamchhuak a, December 23,1947 ah John Bardeen, Walter Brattain leh William Shockley a te chuan Bell Laboratories atangin Transistor an siamchhuak bawk. Heng te hi 2G computer ah hman a ni .
Second Generation Computer:
Kum 1959-1965 inkara computer te a huam. Second Generation Computer te hian Computer processor atan transistors a hmang, Data leh Program input na tan punch cards a hmang. Information leh internal instructions dahkhawm nan small magnetic rings a hmang.
Second Generation Computer:
Kum 1959-1965 inkara computer te a huam. Second Generation Computer te hian Computer processor atan transistors a hmang, Data leh Program input na tan punch cards a hmang. Information leh internal instructions dahkhawm nan small magnetic rings a hmang.
Hetih hun lai hian electronics ah hmasawnna tam tak a awm a, computer a hman tur bik transistor an rawn siamchhuak a. Hei hi computer ti hmasawntu ber a ni.1947 khan Bardeen leh Brattain a te chuan point-contact transistor an siam a, kum 1948 khan Shockley chuan bipolar junction transistor a siamchhuak ve leh a.
November 16, 1953 khan Richard Grimsdale and Douglas Webb, England's Manchester University a thawk ten computer hman theih turin 92 point-contact transistors leh 550 diodes an rawn siam chhuak bawk.Tin, January 26, 1954 khan Bell Laboratories atangin silicon transistor an rawn siam bawk.
Tichuan, computer leh electronics khawl a vacuum tube te chu transistor in an thlak a.Magnetic cores leh magnetic tapes hmangin data an dahkhawl thei bawk. Magnetic cores hmangin Random Access Memory (RAM) an siam a, magnetic tapes hmangin External storage an siam bawk. Software lamah pawh tun anga hriatthiam awlsam chu nilo mahse, machine language aia hriatthiam awlsam zawk assembly language leh batch processing operating system an hmang bawk. Software Application FORTRAN leh COBOL te an siam a, airline reservation systems, air traffic control leh general purpose simulations atan an hmang tangkai hle.
Second generation computer te hi an te fel tawh hle a, power pawh an mamawh tlem a, software pawh hriatthiam a awlsam hle tawh bawk. Second Generation Computer te hi IBM siam deuh vek a ni. chung zingah chuan IBM1401leh IBM 1620 te hi a lar zual te an ni. IBM 1401 hi general purpose computer a ni a, 1959 ah an tlangzarh. transistors leh punched cards a hmang.12,000 lai an hralh nghe nghe. IBM1620 hi scientific research atan an siam a ni a,1959 ah an tlangzarh. magnetic core memory a hmang. Second generation computer larzual te chu IBM-1620, IBM-7094, CDC-3600, CDC-1604.
Third Generation Computer
Third Generation Computer
Kum 1965-1971 inkara computer te a huam. Heng computer te hi IBM (International Business Machines) siam deuh vek a ni. Heng hun lai hian integrated circuit lamah hmasawnna duhawm tak a awm a, computer pawhin hma a sawn phah hle. Kum 1958 ah Texas Instruments a thawk Jack Kilby's leh Robert Noycea te chuan integrated circuit (silicon chips) hmasa ber a siamchhuak a, hei hian electronics industry ah hmasawnna ropui tak a thlen a. 3G Computer te hian Integrated Circuit (ICs) a hmang. Speed pawh a sang chho hle a, achak zawng hi Nanoseconds hmanga teh a ni. Hetih hun laia computer te hian electric power a hmang tlem viau bawk.
Third Generationah hian Software lamah hmasawnna nasa tak a awm a, Software Industry hran ghrang an rawn piang a. Computer te hian high-level languages program FORTRAN, PASCAL, COBAL, ALGO-68, BASIC an hmang a. 3G hian remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operating system a hmang bawk.
Kum 1955 ah IBM ten magnetic disk hmasaber RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting And Control) ,5MB laia lian thla khata $ 3200 chawia hman hawh theihin an siam chhuak bawk a. 1956 ah magnetic hard drive (HD) hmasa ber Disk File, IBM Model 350 an tih mai chu an hmang thei ta a. 24 inch disk 50 lai mai a in hherchuan a, a size pawh a lian hle.
Third Generation Computer te chu : IBM- 360, Honeywell-6000 Series, PDP, IBM-370/168. Third Generation Computer zingah hian 1965 kuma IBM siamchhuah IBM-360 computer hi alar hle a, an hralh tam ber a ani. Digital Equipment Corporation siam PDP-8 hi minicomputer hmasa ber a ni. Kum 1965 a American Seymour Cray siam CDC 6600 an tih chu high-energy nuclear physics lama research tih nan an hmang a.
Third Generationah hian Software lamah hmasawnna nasa tak a awm a, Software Industry hran ghrang an rawn piang a. Computer te hian high-level languages program FORTRAN, PASCAL, COBAL, ALGO-68, BASIC an hmang a. 3G hian remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operating system a hmang bawk.
Kum 1955 ah IBM ten magnetic disk hmasaber RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting And Control) ,5MB laia lian thla khata $ 3200 chawia hman hawh theihin an siam chhuak bawk a. 1956 ah magnetic hard drive (HD) hmasa ber Disk File, IBM Model 350 an tih mai chu an hmang thei ta a. 24 inch disk 50 lai mai a in hherchuan a, a size pawh a lian hle.
Third Generation Computer te chu : IBM- 360, Honeywell-6000 Series, PDP, IBM-370/168. Third Generation Computer zingah hian 1965 kuma IBM siamchhuah IBM-360 computer hi alar hle a, an hralh tam ber a ani. Digital Equipment Corporation siam PDP-8 hi minicomputer hmasa ber a ni. Kum 1965 a American Seymour Cray siam CDC 6600 an tih chu high-energy nuclear physics lama research tih nan an hmang a.
Fourth Generation Computer
Hei hian 1971-1980 inkar computer a huam. Fourth Generation atang hian microprocessor an hmang a. Software lamah pawh hma an sawn a, Multi-processing leh multiprogramming operating system a hmang. Microcomputers an tih mai tunlaia kan hman ang chi Personal computer (PCs) an rawn siam chhuak thei ta. Computer size pawh a te fel khawp mai. Hei mai bakah Supercomputers hial pawh an siamchhuak thei ta bawk. Examples: Apple Series -I & II, IBM 4341, STAR 1000, DEC 10, PUP 11.
Circuits 5000 transistors lai bakah chip mal hrang hrangah circuit elements awm theihna , Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits a hmang a. Primary memory atan Semi-conductor a hmang bawk. Secondary storage ah Magnetic disks a hmang bawk. Microprocessor kan tih mai a rawn hmang ta. 4GL an tih mai Problem-oriented fourth generation language (4GL) a hmang bawk.
Magnetic ring memory aiah silicon “chip” memory an hmang a. Chip te tak te chhungah LSI (Large Scale Integration circuiit), VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration circuit) an dah thei ta bawk a, hna hrang hrang thawk thei turin chips hrang hrang an siam a. Tin, Kum 1970 ah Alan Shugart kaihhruaina hnuaiah IBM engineer ten Floppy disk an siamchhuak a, Kum 1971 atangin computerah floppy disk hman a ni bawk.
Fifth Generation Computer
Hei hian 1980 leh tunlaia kan computer hman mek te hi a huam a, hmasawnna duhawm tak tak a awm .He generation ah hian thil chhinchhiah tlak tak pahnih a awm. Computer changkang tak Gaphical User Interface (GUI) tha tak nei, powerful programming languages thil ti thei leh tangkai tak nei siamchhuak turin kum 1982 khan Japan ho chuan 5th generation project an kalpui mup mup a. Hetihlai hian Seymour Cray leh a thawhpui te chuan a ruala hna tam tak thawk thei tur Control Data Corporation te chuan supercomputer chak tak "CDC 6600" an vuah chu an lo siam ve mek bawk.
Hei hian 1980 leh tunlaia kan computer hman mek te hi a huam a, hmasawnna duhawm tak tak a awm .He generation ah hian thil chhinchhiah tlak tak pahnih a awm. Computer changkang tak Gaphical User Interface (GUI) tha tak nei, powerful programming languages thil ti thei leh tangkai tak nei siamchhuak turin kum 1982 khan Japan ho chuan 5th generation project an kalpui mup mup a. Hetihlai hian Seymour Cray leh a thawhpui te chuan a ruala hna tam tak thawk thei tur Control Data Corporation te chuan supercomputer chak tak "CDC 6600" an vuah chu an lo siam ve mek bawk.
Semiconductor technology leh Artificial Intelligence a hmang a. Memory atan Biochips a hmang. Computer architechture atan KIPS (Knowledge-based Information Processing System) architecture a hmang ang. Heng te hi kum 1980 a Japan rama government research project rah chhuah kal zel a ni.
Computer processor a chak tial tial a, power a mamawh tlem a, a size pawh a te hle bawk. Componets maktaduai tel a awm theihna Chip an siamchhuak a. Tichuan, 5G hian Ultra Large Scale Integrated (ULSI) chips a hmang a, Supercomputers, Robots leh Artificial intelligence bul tantu a ni. Mihring ang deuh thaw hiala biak theih a ni. Fifth Generation atang hian awlsam taka ken sawn theih (portable ) PC’s, desktops, Notebook, Laptop, Ultra book, Chrome book, e.t.c an rawn siamchhuak a. Tichuan, keini pawhin awlsam takin computer kan lo hmang ve thei ta anih hi.
Software lamah pawh hmasawnna duhawm tak tak a awm a, Window Operating system Windows 95, 97,2000,XP, 2007, 2008,2010 leh 2011 thleng kan hmang a. Linux Operating systems UNIX,LUNUX, UBUNDU leh Android OS thleng kan hmang bawk.Ssoftware Application changkang tak tak an siam a. High level Language Perl, Python, C, JAVA mai bakah object-oriented languages C++, JAVA, etc. an siamchhuak a.
Sixth Generation (Future generations)
Computer changkang tak tak Artificial Intelligent (AI) leh Cloud server chak tak te kan nei tawh nachungin mi thiam tam zawk te chuan kum 2021 thleng hian Fifth Generation ah kan la awm niin an sawi. Hei hi a chhan ber chu Computer processor leh memory hian fifth generation Technology a la hman vang a ni. Fifth generation computer technology hi Quantum Computing hmanga thlak theih tura hmalak mek a ni a, a hlawhtling anih ngat chuan computer ah nasa takin hmasawnna a thleng ang
Computer te hian Artificial Neural Networks an hmang dawn a, intelligent computers tih an ni tawh ang. Natural Language Processing (NLP) hmangin Artificial Intelligence (AI) siam a ni anga, Khawvel hnam hrang hrang ten kan tawngin computer kan be thei tawh ang . tin, Wide Area Networking(Internet) kaltlanga computer thil tih theihna a pung chho nasa hle ang.
Tunah erawh chuan Sixth Generation feature tam zawk hi chu i theory mai a la ni a, ataka kan hman theih hunah Sixth Generation computer tak takah kan kai thei chauh dawn a ni. IT industry lamah hmasawnna a thang chak em em a, emmerging technology thar a rawn chhuak zela, Sixth Generation thlen hun pawh kan hlat tawh lo hle.
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